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Figure 99: Contribution to Local Air Quality at Manchester airport 7.4.7 Aviation related local initiatives aimed at the improvement of LAQ include: airport charges based on the amount of NOx created during take-off and landing to encourage airlines to use lower emission engines. To this end, some airports such as London Heathrow (LHR) track the share of aircraft compliant with the ICAO CAEP/4 standard; the reduction of emissions from Auxiliary Power Units (APU) through increased use of fixed electrical ground power (FEGP) when the aircraft is at the stand, and; the improvement of the taxi efficiency through the introduction of “Collaborative Decision Making (CDM).
7.4.8
Although NOx emissions depend on many factors, the impact of ANS on LAQ is predominantly related to additional fuel burn due to inefficiencies in the taxi phase Chapter 6. Those ANS related inefficiencies have also an impact on global climate from CO2 emissions.
AIRCRAFT NOISE 7.4.9 Noise from air transport operations is mainly a local issue which can have a negative impact on society. In order to reduce the negative impact, there are a number of mitigation options including restrictions on aviation (reduced movements, preferred routes, etc.) which limit noise levels, but at the same time often have an impact on capacity, flight efficiency and emissions.
7.4.10 The degree of perceived annoyance for a given noise level can vary by culture and social circumstances. However as pointed out by the World Health Organisation, noise above a certain level has clearly adverse impacts on people’s health, quality of life and on other factors such as housing values and the learning acuity of students in affected schools. 7.4.11 Two EC noise Directives of particular importance to aviation were implemented in Europe. The first Directive (2002/30/EC [Ref. 31]) based on the ICAO ‘Balanced Approach’ specifies the overall approach to airport noise management in Europe with a particular focus on the equal treatment of reductions at source (aircraft and engine
PRR 2009
83
Chapter 7: Environment
飞行翻译公司 www.aviation.cn 本文链接地址：PRR_2009_部分2.pdf
7.4.8
Although NOx emissions depend on many factors, the impact of ANS on LAQ is predominantly related to additional fuel burn due to inefficiencies in the taxi phase Chapter 6. Those ANS related inefficiencies have also an impact on global climate from CO2 emissions.
AIRCRAFT NOISE 7.4.9 Noise from air transport operations is mainly a local issue which can have a negative impact on society. In order to reduce the negative impact, there are a number of mitigation options including restrictions on aviation (reduced movements, preferred routes, etc.) which limit noise levels, but at the same time often have an impact on capacity, flight efficiency and emissions.
7.4.10 The degree of perceived annoyance for a given noise level can vary by culture and social circumstances. However as pointed out by the World Health Organisation, noise above a certain level has clearly adverse impacts on people’s health, quality of life and on other factors such as housing values and the learning acuity of students in affected schools. 7.4.11 Two EC noise Directives of particular importance to aviation were implemented in Europe. The first Directive (2002/30/EC [Ref. 31]) based on the ICAO ‘Balanced Approach’ specifies the overall approach to airport noise management in Europe with a particular focus on the equal treatment of reductions at source (aircraft and engine
PRR 2009
83
Chapter 7: Environment
飞行翻译公司 www.aviation.cn 本文链接地址：PRR_2009_部分2.pdf
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